Frederick Russell Burnham: Forskelle mellem versioner
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Da Burnham var teenager, ernærede han sig ved at jage vildt og ride for telegrafkompagniet ''Western Union'' i de californiske ørkener. Hans læremestre var erfarne stifindere fra det vestlige USA, og da han var 19, var han selv en erfaren stifinder, der jagede - og blev jaget af - apache-indianerne. | Da Burnham var teenager, ernærede han sig ved at jage vildt og ride for telegrafkompagniet ''Western Union'' i de californiske ørkener. Hans læremestre var erfarne stifindere fra det vestlige USA, og da han var 19, var han selv en erfaren stifinder, der jagede - og blev jaget af - apache-indianerne. | ||
Den britiske spejder, han senere blev ven og kampfælle med i Matabeleland - Baden-Powell - blev født i London-bydelen Paddington og gik i sine sidste skoleår på den berømte kostskole ''Charterhouse'', hvor hans første erfaringer i det, der senere skulle blive spejderlivet, var at strejfe om i skovene udenfor skolens område (hvilket var strengt forbudt) og jage, nedlægge og tilberede småvildt uden at blive opdaget. Som nittenårig blev B-P optaget i hæren. De første år gjorde han tjeneste i Indien, og allerede fra begyndelsen havde han ambitioner om at blive spejder for hæren, og da disse mænd mødtes i 1896 (Burnham var 35, B-P 39) i Afrika, var B-P efterretningsofficer og vant til at klare sig i den vilde natur. Han havde førhen organiseret en mindre spejder-sektion i sit regiment, havde skrevet sin bog ''Reconnaissance and Scouting'' | Den britiske spejder, han senere blev ven og kampfælle med i Matabeleland - Baden-Powell - blev født i London-bydelen Paddington og gik i sine sidste skoleår på den berømte kostskole ''Charterhouse'', hvor hans første erfaringer i det, der senere skulle blive spejderlivet, var at strejfe om i skovene udenfor skolens område (hvilket var strengt forbudt) og jage, nedlægge og tilberede småvildt uden at blive opdaget. Som nittenårig blev B-P optaget i hæren. De første år gjorde han tjeneste i Indien, og allerede fra begyndelsen havde han ambitioner om at blive spejder for hæren, og da disse mænd mødtes i 1896 (Burnham var 35, B-P 39) i Afrika, var B-P efterretningsofficer og vant til at klare sig i den vilde natur. Han havde førhen organiseret en mindre spejder-sektion i sit regiment, havde skrevet sin bog ''Reconnaissance and Scouting'', og havde gjort tjeneste i Indien, Afghanistan, Natal og Ashanti (afrikanske regioner). Burnham var general Frederick Carringtons chef for spejderne, mens B-P var stabschef. | ||
Den anden Matabelekrig blev udkæmpet mellem nybyggerne (i Afrika kaldet ''settlers'') og Matabelefolket (nuværende Ndebelefolk) i det område, der i dag hedder Zimbabwe. | |||
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During the siege of Bulawayo, these two men rode many times into the Matobo Hills on patrol, and it was in these African hills that Burnham first introduced Baden-Powell to the ways and methods of the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]], and taught him ''woodcraft''<!-- Do not link this. --><!--(better known today as scoutcraft). Baden-Powell had written at length about reconnaissance and tracking, but from Burnham he learned many new dimensions such as how to travel in wild country without either a compass or map, how to discover nearby dangers by observing animals, and the many techniques for finding potable water.{{sfn|Jeal|1989|p=189}} So impressed was Baden-Powell by Burnham's Scouting spirit that he fondly told people he "sucked him dry" of all he could possibly tell.{{sfn|Anglo Boer War Museum|2007}} It was also here that Baden-Powell began to wear his signature [[Stetson]] [[campaign hat]] and [[neckerchief]], like those worn by Burnham, for the first time.{{sfn|Jeal|1989|p=188}} Both men recognized that wars were changing markedly and the British Army needed to adapt; so during their joint scouting missions, Baden-Powell and Burnham discussed the concept of a broad training program in woodcraft for young men, rich in exploration, [[Tracking (Scouting)|tracking]], [[fieldcraft]], and self-reliance. In Africa, no scout embodied these traits more than Burnham.{{sfn|Prichard|1919|pp=191–193}} In his first scouting handbook, ''Aids to Scouting'', Baden-Powell published many of the lessons he learned from Burnham and this book was later used by boys' groups as a guide to outdoor fun.{{sfn|Arrow|2013}} At the urging of several youth leaders, Baden-Powell decided to adapt his scouting handbook specifically to training boys.{{sfn|Peterson|2004}} While Baden-Powell went on to refine the concept of Scouting, publish ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'', and become the founder of the international Scouting movement, Burnham has been called the movement's father.{{sfn|1st Lacock Scout Group|2013}}{{sfn|Forster|2007}} [[James E. West (Scouting)|James E. West]], [[Chief Scout Executive]] for the Boy Scouts of America, summarized Burnham's relevance to Scouting thusly: ''There is an especial significance for those of us in Scouting in this man's list, for he was engaged for this work by Lord Baden Powell, who was then connected with the British Army in Africa, and who had unbounded admiration for the scouting methods of Frederick Burnham. So these two pioneers, each of whom was to have such immeasurable influence in restoring the old traditions of American youth, met in Africa, years before the Scouting movement was ever thought of.''{{sfn|West|1935|p=146}} | During the siege of Bulawayo, these two men rode many times into the Matobo Hills on patrol, and it was in these African hills that Burnham first introduced Baden-Powell to the ways and methods of the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]], and taught him ''woodcraft''<!-- Do not link this. --><!--(better known today as scoutcraft). Baden-Powell had written at length about reconnaissance and tracking, but from Burnham he learned many new dimensions such as how to travel in wild country without either a compass or map, how to discover nearby dangers by observing animals, and the many techniques for finding potable water.{{sfn|Jeal|1989|p=189}} So impressed was Baden-Powell by Burnham's Scouting spirit that he fondly told people he "sucked him dry" of all he could possibly tell.{{sfn|Anglo Boer War Museum|2007}} It was also here that Baden-Powell began to wear his signature [[Stetson]] [[campaign hat]] and [[neckerchief]], like those worn by Burnham, for the first time.{{sfn|Jeal|1989|p=188}} Both men recognized that wars were changing markedly and the British Army needed to adapt; so during their joint scouting missions, Baden-Powell and Burnham discussed the concept of a broad training program in woodcraft for young men, rich in exploration, [[Tracking (Scouting)|tracking]], [[fieldcraft]], and self-reliance. In Africa, no scout embodied these traits more than Burnham.{{sfn|Prichard|1919|pp=191–193}} In his first scouting handbook, ''Aids to Scouting'', Baden-Powell published many of the lessons he learned from Burnham and this book was later used by boys' groups as a guide to outdoor fun.{{sfn|Arrow|2013}} At the urging of several youth leaders, Baden-Powell decided to adapt his scouting handbook specifically to training boys.{{sfn|Peterson|2004}} While Baden-Powell went on to refine the concept of Scouting, publish ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'', and become the founder of the international Scouting movement, Burnham has been called the movement's father.{{sfn|1st Lacock Scout Group|2013}}{{sfn|Forster|2007}} [[James E. West (Scouting)|James E. West]], [[Chief Scout Executive]] for the Boy Scouts of America, summarized Burnham's relevance to Scouting thusly: ''There is an especial significance for those of us in Scouting in this man's list, for he was engaged for this work by Lord Baden Powell, who was then connected with the British Army in Africa, and who had unbounded admiration for the scouting methods of Frederick Burnham. So these two pioneers, each of whom was to have such immeasurable influence in restoring the old traditions of American youth, met in Africa, years before the Scouting movement was ever thought of.''{{sfn|West|1935|p=146}} | ||